D11
Lowest momentum transfer & lowest background small-angle neutron scattering instrument
Guide hall n°1, cold guide H15 |
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Monochromator | |
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velocity selector | |
Eleanore/ Felicia (ASTRIUM standard selectors) | variable, typically Δλ/λ = 9 % (FWHM) |
incident wavelength | variable, 0.46 ≤ λ [nm] ≤ 4 |
max. wavelength at max. detector dist. (39 m) | λ = 2.2 nm |
selector rotation normal to n-beam possible | -7° to + 7° |
Collimation | |
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11 guide sections (computer controlled) uncoated glass guides (SwissNeutronics) diverging "trumpet" + straight guide | cross section (height × width) : 50 × 30 mm2 -> 50 × 45 mm2 over 6.5 m |
guide-to-sample distances | 2.5, 4, 5.5, 8, 10.5, 13.5, 16.5, 20.5, 28, 34, 40.5 m |
Attenuators |
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choice between 3 slitted cadmium sheets of different transmissions that can be combined to achieve 7 attenuation factors fa: fa=8.53 (att 1), fa=26.40 (att 2), fa=68.47 (att 3) fa=256.28 (att 1 + 2), fa=603.85 (att 1 + 3), fa=1623.87 (att 2 + 3) fa≈14000 (att 1 + 2 + 3) (factor not well reproducible, to use only for beam profile and center, not flux) |
Sample area | |
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flux at specimen at lowest resolution | 5 · 107 n·cm-2·s-1 (at λ = 0.6 nm, as measured on the detector) |
typical sample size | 15 mm Ø |
Detector | |
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sample-to-detector distances L | continuously variable between 1.4 m and 38 m |
momentum transfer range | 3·10-3 ≤ Q [nm-1] ≤ 8 |
detector type (since January 2021) | 3He gas detector (256 1-m long, 8 mm outer diameter stacked tubes from Reuter-Stokes, installed in 3 panels, shaped as a cross of 1.5×1.5 m2: 192 horizontal tubes + 2 side panels of 32 tubes each. 3He at 10 bars. Stop-gas: Ar/CO2 mix at 1.5 bars. Stainless steel 304 of 0.4 mm wall thickness. Operated at HV=1350 V. |
efficiency | 90, 95 and 99.5 % at λ = 0.45, 0.6 and 1 nm within the tubes. Due to the geometry of tubes assembly, 12 % of neutrons avoid the detection area. |
area | 2 m2 |
pixel size | 8 mm across (rectangular psf), 14 mm FWHM along tubes (Gaussian psf) (this value should decrease to 8 mm after solving an electronic noise issue observed in 2021). |
background | 1.2 Hz on whole detector |
detector deadtime | 1.5 µs per tube (~1/10 event loss at 66 kHz per tube, at 225 kHz) |
Instrument characteristics & description
D11 - a "microscope" for exploring the nanoworld
D11 is the archetype of a long, pinhole geometry instrument for small angle neutron scattering (SANS), designed for the study of large scale structures in soft matter systems, chemistry, biology, solid state physics and materials science. About 60% of all experiments are performed in the field of soft condensed matter.
The instrument receives neutrons from the vertical cold source of the ILL high flux reactor, which is situated about 100 m from the first part of the instrument (the selector) and about 140 m from the sample position. The detector is hence in a very low background environment.
The polychromatic beam from the cold source is monochromated by a helical slot (ASTRIUM) velocity selector which selects neutrons of ±9 % about a mean wavelength determined by the rotation speed of the drum. The neutrons are then collimated by a series of moveable glass guides. Guide sections are inserted into or removed from the beam depending on the incident beam divergence required.
The sample zone, situated 40 m down-stream from the velocity selector, may be equipped with various sample environments such as an automatic temperature controlled sample changer, cryostat, magnet, shearing cell, Bohlin rheometer, dilution refrigerator, horizontal sample-changer under vacuum, etc.
Neutrons scattered from the sample are detected on a 96 x 96 cm2 CERCA 3He multi-detector mounted on a moveable trolley within the evacuated detector tube. The detector may be placed at any distance between 1.2 and 39 metres from the sample position, giving a total accessible momentum transfer range of 3 10-4 to 1 Å-1.
The D11 collimation system has been completely renovated between 2002 and 2004 (collimation renewal project).
In the context of the ongoing Millennnium Project “D11 Revised” (2005 – 2008) the instrument had been shut down during the year 2008: the project consists in (i) replacing the present detector, its trolley and the detector tank by a larger and faster detector in a new, wider tank (new detector and tank), including an extension to ultra low Q measurements (USANS option) and (ii) installing new collimating glass guides based on an innovative design change (guide replacement).
D11-team
Collimation renewal project (2001-2004)
With 3 new collimation distances (1.5m, 28m and 34m), 6 new diaphragm changers, new mechanics including a complete re-alignment and the modifications at the selector area, the instrument has considerably gained in:
- performance
- resolution
- flexibility
- reliability
For instance, a flux gain of ≈ 10 is obtained for certain experimental conditions.
New detector and tank project (2005-2008)
The future scientific requirements are calling for an innovative evolution of the instrument with a “best possible” specification, in order to strengthen ILL’s leading position in small angle scattering and maintain D11 as one of the world-wide most powerful and versatile SANS instruments. Consequently, the project of developing a faster and larger SANS detector has started in 2005, in the framework of the ILL’s Millennium Programme.
The present 3He detector will be replaced by the 3He - MWPC 128x128-7.5 (the former CERCA 3He detector of D22). This detector has a considerably larger counting area thus a much better dynamic range, a better efficiency and a better spatial resolution. After some modifications of the detector electronics, the maximum possible countrate can be increased to about 300 kHz, i.e. a factor of 6 higher than the present D11 detector. The detector shall be installed in a new tank with an extended length and larger diameter. In conjunction with the enhanced counting area, the tank elongation will considerably increase the totally available Q-range of the instrument and allow for measurements at significantly lower Q-values than possible at present. Furthermore, it is planned to implement in the future a multi-hole imaging USANS option, thus challenging new frontiers in space and time resolution.
Guide replacement (2006-2008)
Following the review and analysis of the D11 guide system by McStas simulations in late 2005/ early 2006, an innovative guide design change had been decided in spring 2006. Significant flux gains can be predicted for a large range of collimation distances with a new widened glass guide with an opening 6.5m trumpet (30mm->45mm width) at the collimation entrance and a focusing trumpet at the collimation exit, near to the sample position
(see Lieutenant K., Lindner P., Gähler R. (2007) J. Appl. Cryst. 40, 1056 - 1063).
In June 2006 the guide replacement project has been approved and coupled with the "new detector & tank" projcet to result in the extended Millennium project “D11 Revised”.