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Neutrons
Particle beam (neutral subatomic particle)
Interactions with the nuclei and the magnetic moment of unpaired electrons (in the sample)
Scattered by all elements, also the light ones like the hydrogen isotopes
Deep penetration depth (bulk studies of samples)
Less intense beam measuring larger samples
Applications:
- Magnetic structures & excitations
- Organic structures using the H-D isotope effect
- Bulk studies (strains, excitations)
- Low-energy spectroscopy e.g. molecular vibrations
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Synchrotron radiation
Light beam (electromagnetic wave)
Interactions with the electrons surrounding the nuclei (in the sample)
Mainly scattered by heavy elements
Small penetration depth (surface studies of samples)
Very intense beam measuring small or ultra-dilute samples
Applications:
- Protein-crystal structures
- Fast chemical reactions
- Surface studies (defects, corrosion)
- High-energy spectroscopy e.g. measurements of electron energy-levels
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