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Neutrons
- Particle beam (neutral subatomic particle)
- Interactions with the nuclei and the magnetic moment of unpaired electrons (in the sample)
- Scattered by all elements, also the light ones like the hydrogen isotopes
- Deep penetration depth (bulk studies of samples)
- Less intense beam measuring larger samples
Applications:
- Magnetic structures & excitations
- Organic structures using the H-D isotope effect
- Bulk studies (strains, excitations)
- Low-energy spectroscopy e.g. molecular vibrations
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Synchrotron radiation
- Light beam (electromagnetic wave)
- Interactions with the electrons surrounding the nuclei (in the sample)
- Mainly scattered by heavy elements
- Small penetration depth (surface studies of samples)
- Very intense beam measuring small or ultra-dilute samples
Applications:
- Protein-crystal structures
- Fast chemical reactions
- Surface studies (defects, corrosion)
- High-energy spectroscopy e.g. measurements of electron energy-levels
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